Why Nasdaq surveillance cannot settle the fight over 24/7 tokenized markets

Nasdaq's agreement to invest $100 million in Payward, Kraken's parent company, adds a planned surveillance rollout to a push into tokenized and always-on markets. One day earlier, Citadel Securities asked U.S. regulators to keep products tied to public companies, including equity-linked event contracts and perpetual derivatives, inside the Securities and Exchange Commission's perimeter.

Together, the two moves expose the gate facing always-on markets. The disputed products use public-company shares, prices or reported financial metrics as reference points. Their legal classification shapes the listing path, market access and investor protections. Nasdaq's technology could help Payward monitor trading across crypto, equities, tokenized equities, futures and options, but it cannot decide what a product is under federal law.

Nasdaq said Sept. 10 that its venture arm had agreed to invest $100 million in Payward. The announcement describes an agreement to invest, not a completed transaction.

The companies also announced that Payward would adopt Nasdaq surveillance across its portfolio of trading venues. Nasdaq's investor release names crypto, equities, tokenized equities, futures and options as the covered asset classes.

That is broad venue coverage, but the disclosed implementation detail is thin. Nasdaq gave no deployment date and did not say whether Payward's system would combine trading on its venues with order and trade data from the underlying U.S. cash-equity market.

Citadel's concern is that misconduct can cross venue boundaries. Its filing describes how a trader with material nonpublic information could profit through an equity-linked derivative before an issuer announcement, or use a derivative in a strategy involving the price of the underlying security.

In its Sept. 9 comment letter, Citadel argued that effective oversight therefore requires regulators to surveil an equity-linked product together with activity in the underlying cash equity. That is Citadel's policy position, not a decision by either the SEC or Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Yet it identifies a test the Nasdaq-Payward announcement does not answer: whether multi-asset monitoring also means cross-market access to the securities data needed to spot manipulation and insider trading.

Classification still controls the route to market

Surveillance can strengthen a venue's case that it can operate an orderly market. It cannot decide whether an equity-linked instrument is a security, security-based swap, swap or futures contract.

The procedural stakes are concrete. Regulatory routes differ. Under CFTC Regulation 40.2, a designated contract market may list a product without prior Commission approval after filing a written self-certification by the preceding business day. The venue must certify compliance with the Commodity Exchange Act and applicable rules. Regulation 40.3 provides a separate voluntary approval route.

The SEC does not use one uniform track for every exchange filing, but recent equity-linked proposals show the contrast between routes. A July 10 Cboe notice described binary options tied to issuer key performance indicators as a proposed rule change. An Aug. 24 MEMX notice similarly described proposed securities event contracts tied to financial metrics reported by issuers.

At the same time, a CFTC product filing page listed a QCEX KPI Contract as certified on June 18. Another CFTC page for organization code COIN listed US500, Tech100, Defense10, China10 and AI10 index perpetual-style futures as certified.

Those pages establish certification status, not trading volume, launch dates or availability to a particular customer group. The official record therefore supports a narrower statement than claims that equity perpetuals are already broadly trading in the United States: multiple equity-index products have been certified, while the cited pages do not prove their live commercial status.

On May 29, 2026, the CFTC took a historical, bitcoin-specific step when it approved KalshiEX's bitcoin-referencing BTCPERP under Regulation 40.3. Its companion policy statement called for case-by-case review of perpetuals tied to asset classes outside that order. That past bitcoin approval did not settle how equity-linked perpetuals should be classified.

Citadel's filing argues that the SEC perimeter brings more than an approval process. It points to best execution, order handling and front-running rules, execution-quality disclosure, fair access, venue transparency and coordinated trading halts. For equity-linked perpetuals, it separately cites market-access controls and the risk of automatic deleveraging during volatile periods.

Those are the practical stakes for users. Two contracts can provide exposure to a similar corporate outcome while offering different disclosure, execution and surveillance arrangements. A faster listing route can widen access, but it can also create uncertainty over which protections apply and which regulator has the data and authority to investigate misconduct spanning the derivative and the underlying stock.

On March 18, 2026, the SEC approved Nasdaq's rule change for eligible securities to trade in tokenized form during a Depository Trust Company pilot.

Under that model, a tokenized share must be fungible with its traditional counterpart, carry the same CUSIP and symbol, provide the same shareholder rights, and trade on the same order book with the same execution priority. Market surveillance for the tokenized and traditional forms would rely on the same underlying data available to Nasdaq and FINRA.

That March 18 approval did not equal a launch. The order says the framework becomes effective only after DTC establishes the required infrastructure and post-trade settlement services. Nasdaq must then give members at least 30 calendar days' notice before tokenized trading begins.

Nasdaq separately expects its work with Payward on Nasdaq Equity Tokens, or NETs, to launch in the second quarter of 2027. That is a forward-looking target. The sources do not establish that the Payward rollout and the DTC-pilot model have identical operating conditions.

The SEC's Sept. 17 roundtable will bring these questions closer together without resolving them by itself. The published agenda covers exchange and broker readiness, overnight surveillance, closing-price processes, clearance and settlement, investor protection, system resiliency, market-data continuity and expected liquidity.

The event concerns preparations for 24-hour trading in conventional market infrastructure, with a later panel looking toward possible future expansion to 24×7 trading. It is a public discussion, not a rulemaking decision. That distinction prevents a debate about longer US equity sessions from being collapsed into the separate question of tokenized equities and perpetual derivatives that may trade continuously.

The regulatory test is not a choice between surveillance and law. Venues will need both. Nasdaq's technology could help Payward show that always-on markets are observable across its own stack. Citadel's argument is that equity-linked oversight must also reach the underlying securities market and fit the statutory boundary between the SEC and CFTC.

Until those pieces align, the fastest token rail will not necessarily deliver the broadest U.S. access. The products that reach users with durable liquidity may be the ones that combine continuous monitoring, cross-market data, operational resilience and a classification regulators can defend.